IT-UND2-L2.5

Position fixing: cross bearings, running fixes, distance off

IT-UND2-M2 · Chartwork · IT-UND2-M2-A The four-problem chartwork paper on IIM charts 5/D and 42/D: method, worked examples and the traps the board looks for.

The **navigazione costiera** family: fixes from two bearings, the bearing carried forward (**rilevamento t1–t2**), distance off by the 45°/beam method, and clearing a headland.

Independent study. xplor is not affiliated with the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (MIT), the Guardia Costiera / Capitanerie di Porto or any marine protected area, is not an approved nautical school (scuola nautica) or training centre, and awards no licence, title, certificate or endorsement. The UND 2ª classe exam is sat in Italian before a Capitaneria board, the five hours of practical familiarisation must be certified by a scuola nautica, and this course counts towards neither. AI-drafted content pending subject-matter-expert review.